How realistic were the transformation of the system

 Professor Chang Xiuze This article is invited to
I. Introduction
general, who has two basic elements of the economy: in practice, to the real transformation of human social institutions; in theory, should depend on the economic theory of human nature hypothesis lay the basis for a reasonable society. Clearly, both of which are based on things the mainstream economics paradigm of modern criticism and development. to the transformation of social systems in terms of people, people-oriented social system that social welfare benefits, especially the disadvantaged improvement, to make the disadvantaged deserve the same rights and social wealth to, an even super than the development of social systems must reflect social justice and development; the contrary, modern mainstream economics has focused on social justice issues rather than the efficiency of the system and the social system itself is the game between the public through the formation, and thus that the efficiency of those who in fact is a strong efficiency, to efficiency and even if some people sacrifice the interests of most people is reasonable. to economic theory assumption of human nature, the person to focus on improving the economic value of the quality of people's lives, emphasizing the unity of knowledge between theory and practice, efforts to promote exchanges between the rationalization of human society; the contrary, modern mainstream economics has focused on the effectiveness of the largest Chouxiang technology, between theory and practice emphasizes the relative independence of deliberate tool to promote the rationalization of scientific knowledge. on the human exploration of Economics, Professor Chang Xiuze made a lot of pioneering work, the main ideas reflected in the also some discussion of the lack of this paper is on this basis for further development and deepening.
Second, the connotation, Chang Xiuze Professor (2008: Preface) begins with an explanation: three levels of the kernel to grasp the br> Prof. Chang Xiuze (2008:166) pointed out that, from the horizontal analysis, reform should not be concerned about the interests of a part, or even should be the interests of the majority, but should be ; even if inadequately, l miss is as good r, then the practice will be more l mile r ; all people Otherwise, reform will inevitably fall into the pragmatic short-sighted and biased power doctrine among the final batch of a large number of vested interests, and most people are being disregarded. to rise to theory, social system reform can not simply established respected in the modern mainstream economics, the efficiency of the above principles, can not even establish the principle of efficiency in the Pareto and Kaldor - Hicks on the principle of efficiency; reason, the total efficiency of social concepts and the concept of Pareto efficiency have not defined the distribution of income and the corresponding specific responsibilities, but often in the application of practice will strengthen the vested interests, defend their predatory acts.
However, Professor Chang Xiuze (2008:17) that it is largely correct; However, if the Enjoy the Fruits of Reform the welfare improvement of the guidance of this theory in recent years to widen the gap between domestic income of the important reasons. and this is different, concerned about times, some Confucians to be able to follow this recommendation of those in power or those in power have to safeguard their own interests to care for such people the tools of the trend. The reason, the Confucian doctrine of the kingly thoughts running through the core is, the rulers but by also to the people Party Paths of peace; no anti-free side, Wang integrity is both moral and willing to serve the people of the saints.
2. vertical dimension of the but should include the interests of future generations, which is the root extension based on the vision of humanity as a whole. rose to theory, this actually relates to the harmony of human society, intergenerational issues, sustainable development and reflects the requirements of the concept of scientific development; study The reason, sustainable development and the scientific concept of development is essentially a rationalization of requirements for development: the rationalization is not only a tool, but also the rationalization of communication. a person, tools, merely reflect the rationalization of individual labor productivity, and rationalization of communication there collaboration between labor and thus help improve the full productivity; both, communication tools to achieve rationalization of rationalization is only a means to rationalize the communication is the ultimate goal of human development, reflected in a complete human nature and social harmony. Clearly, from the rationalization of communication point of view, sustainable development can be understood as a mutually beneficial cooperation between people in society the problem, which consists of two levels: the cooperation between the secular and the cooperation between the generations; The former reflects the secular the reciprocal relationship between, while the latter reflects the social responsibility of this world. The reason this world who keep their own ancestors suffered a variety of natural wealth and the creation of social forms of wealth, and thus have a responsibility to future generations to stay even better under the appropriate natural resources and social resources; Therefore, the cooperation between the generations is also reflected (this world) the cooperation between man and nature, it is this partnership improves the efficiency of the allocation of various resources to promote the economic development of resource intensive.
Clearly, whether secular or between the mutually beneficial cooperation between the generations, reflects the specific social relations, and thus with a specific social and cultural ethics-related; Therefore, based on the pursuit of sustainable development, but also give rise to reflection of modern mainstream economic theory and the Confucian tradition of nutrient absorption. the one hand, Western society after the instruments from the Renaissance to the growing rational Piansheng, it is essentially derived from the conquest of nature and transformation of human society rather than maintaining the natural laws of harmony and order; Unfortunately, the naturalistic thinking, and pay homage to the popular flow of material put that narrow instrumental rationality extended to the far more complex and diverse human community, to exclude the value and the content of communicative rationality. On the other hand, Confucian culture and the scientific concept of development but with strong similarities between the nature of: it the height of the human spirit and love for nature, combined into a business proposition to open things into human culture and the Battle against the loss of material things from martyrdom, stressing world, seamless between all things and people. a person, based on human thought, the Confucian emphasis on social harmony has always been the building, which is reflected in people's own development, people and social interaction and coexistence of man and nature are three levels; in the Confucian view, harmony but it is the basic state and composition of the world, while the conflict is not only a natural disorder and imbalance. the two, the Confucian understanding of World Harmony is not static but dynamic and open, with the synchronic and diachronic two important features: synchronic emphasis on the real social life of the world harmony, intimacy and hierarchy based on the relationship between social order and the formation and the harmony of nature, human beings can make more rational use of natural resources and the sharing of the natural results; duration of this life is emphasized not only attach importance to social harmony, but also to lasting harmony to the entire humanity, it is necessary to consider the whole human generations the interests of future generations to be responsible for allowing the rational use of natural resources.
3. to pursue the extension of the and free all-round development, and therefore should not be concerned about the the economy, but multidimensional and rich members of society. rise to theory, also produced a modern mainstream economics to reflect on the inherent requirements: Modern mainstream economics with the rise of the intellectual property of the general behavior of human rationality, and to expand the use of human social relations; result, people with a variety of emotional needs is no longer unity, and the pursuit of material needs to be alienated people on one side of the economy. And, based on a narrow understanding of the material needs of the modern mainstream economy Studies have also established a set of GDP measurement system, as a measure of national average welfare level of the main criteria, the results to pop open from the human and social development and the improvement of the welfare point of view, GDP is only a tool and means to achieve happiness, the pursuit of GDP, the ultimate aim of universal well-being of the continuous progress; both, GDP itself is not a comprehensive measure of human welfare, one-sided pursuit of GDP growth are often derived from a series of social problems. In fact, the immediate needs of the people concerned than the general focus on the GDP growth figures more meaningful, these immediate needs, including housing, transport, security, environment, health, education, equality, and so on. Thus it is thus the way for the development of human society from a people-oriented object-oriented turn.
How, then, the case of abundance in the material to further enhance the promotion of human happiness? This also absorb nutrients to the Confucian culture. In fact, Chang Xiuze Professor (2008:30) argues that human behavior by social systems and cultural psychological impact, but man's social nature but also to promote social and cultural connotations System upgrade. a person, based on the fundamental needs of human physiology, the Confucian emphasis on so-called know etiquette society of the mutually beneficial cooperation requirements of naturalism, it's naturalism and the West, different: a person, Westerners tend to nature as a machine tool to be used, and the Chinese people have the natural movement of life as a whole ; two, Western society is seen as a priori reason, and increasingly in the abstract, and rational Confucian society are concrete and rich, reflecting the overall demand for human consideration. is the integration of man and nature-based beliefs , into the British society, the Confucian doctrine known as the vitality of nature, and the West as mechanical naturalism.
Third, the fundamental transformation of the way the system
Analysis of After Chang Xiuze Professor (2008:287) who turned to explore the system the way the transformation, and stressed the economic and social justice to market together, market economy, we must follow the principle of fairness, including equal status, equal opportunities and achieve the principle of equivalent exchange. where, so here again, Professor Chang Xiuze from theoretical discourse to make a comb, and add.
1. pure market allocation mechanism, Professor Chang Xiuze
(2008:140) on the one hand that because of not experienced the baptism of the market economy, requiring an appropriate manner, the dual structure of conflict. initial distribution of national income, there is serious Why the price is significantly undervalued and distorted it? Professor Chang Xiuze, rooted in the weakening of labor rights in China, while the underlying causes of the weakening of labor rights in the system: the elements, including workers, including the owner can not control their own destiny, that those who adopted a strong rule-making and access to distribution of a large number of Find the best balance between the two; Chang Xiuze Professor (2008:288) writes: attention to the prevention of two phenomena: First, the market economy, but to prevent the powerful l r; second, to achieve social justice, but to prevent l populist r. A view can be further increased to theory, two ways to look at market exchange in the fairness of the distribution: first, the process of market exchange mechanism, the second is the starting point of market exchange mechanism. the one hand, to market allocation procedures, which rule-making power related to the distribution. In fact, the current management of state-owned enterprises pay out of control in general is in disorder, and status: some enterprises to emphasize the The heart of the injustice, the internal executives who the real controller of the enterprise, and whether the public or the national regulatory authorities seem powerless; Moreover, even if the wages of executives are often developed by the Board, but because these directors are often itself linked to wages and managers, and thus have an incentive to develop highly paid executives in favor. On the other hand, the starting point for the market in terms of distribution, which involves the possession of social resources issues. Professor Chang Xiuze impact equitable income distribution, another major factor is that at this stage of the defective property system resources and the environment; is the unequal possession of resources, the strong can use the scarce resources at low cost in order to obtain huge profits. In fact, in recent years a number of resource monopoly Type the annual salary of executives of state-owned enterprises to grow exponentially, far more than the general staff, but also beyond the executives of private enterprises; Similarly, from the predatory public resources and seize possession of the high income is also reflected in private enterprises, especially in developing countries, overnight riches fairy tale has been a constant in the current society is proof.
2. market-oriented reform of the content and the China's economic development of the basic direction of the market some of the problems arising in the course is not sure the market mainly due to the legal economy, the main reason for the market to take some actions, before taking action because of his consequences for his actions more specific expectations, or risk a large number of opportunistic behavior; two, it is a mutually beneficial economic, Although the amount of reciprocity can not do this on full equality, but equality in the amount of the development of society is able to constantly improve, this is often reflected in the increasing spread of market forces and the people's increasing awareness of social justice. Therefore, the market mechanism can not be simply equated with the power game, game based on pure force must be composed of hierarchical social order and predatory. Chang Xiuze Professor (2008:14) stressed that, although in the real interests of the game is not avoided, but mainstream economics is based on naturalistic positivist thinking and ethical values to the reality of the already alienated by the social system and the predatory behavior of a strong defense, and even the formation of supply and demand equilibrium forces to set up social rules and institutional arrangements.
Of course, Professor Chang Xiuze (2008:287) said: However, in the real level is possible misunderstandings, the reality of the market revenue will be rationalized; true that if Chang Xiuze professor pointed out, , will cause unequal distribution of the results. , that is, equality of opportunity; the second is the possession or distribution of wealth, justice, that equality of resources; third is just on the enjoyment of individual rights, the ability to equality. Obviously, the concept of equality from the latter two, due to real market share both in the resources or capacity to the extreme inequality between individuals is thus the so-called free market just can only be relative, but the main concern of modern mainstream economics is equality of opportunity. Moreover, although the market of modern mainstream economics system as the core of human society, but very few of the market structure of the system; the contrary, it is often out of the market as a system of abstract symbolic price, which often market-based mechanisms to rationalize the distribution of market income and contribution will equate . In fact, the market economy, contribution to income earned or should be seen as a reward in itself there is a logical question: one, the market exchange of procedural fairness, which involves Hayek stressed the equality of opportunity and information symmetric problem; the two, the starting point of market exchange fair, this relates to Dworkin and other resources to emphasize equality.
3. market and complement the Government's healthy, Professor Chang Xiuze
(2008:179) pointed out the people for public goods and the rapid rise in demand for public services and government, and insufficient supply imbalance is a prominent configuration conflicts; Therefore, the Government, market and social tripartite joint, the use of mechanisms to ease the supply of public goods and public services inadequate. In theory, any economic problems are reflected in the failure of the two: market failure and government failure, and problem-solving ideas is to find a balance between market and government , the formation of the coordination mechanism of communication between the two. In fact, more complex, subtle of the modern connotation of liberalism has been greatly different from the laissez-faire classical liberalism: a person, it is concerned that government actions may result in failure of the intervention, which to guard against the evil of government; two, it recognized that the spontaneous failure of pure markets, which focus on improving the market mechanism. Obviously, this also causes the reflection of modern mainstream economics, because it both in the community cognitive or policy advocates on both simplistic tendency to social problems are simply resorting to the power supply and demand based on market mechanisms. is because one-sided emphasis of modern mainstream economics, balance of forces the system to rationalize the economic man to get the community to grasp the power of money power and political support of merchants and bureaucrats; result, there have been highly critical of Professor Chang Xiuze phenomenon: excessive administrative intervention produced the ; money fetishism to maintain the health of society and sustainable development. a person to address the government failure to ensure that it is the right thing to do. It have two levels of questions: First, what the government does what? it relates to the different time periods cooperation and coordination mechanisms to understand the state of transformation requirements; the second is how to ensure that government do its job? it relates to the balance of powers and constitutional issues. In fact, although at different times for discharging the responsibilities of different ways of doing things is different, But will any government have to do some of the basic tasks: to ease market failures and to ensure that people deserve the same rights and social wealth in proportion to the development and even as much as possible to prevent the social alienation and anomie. Meanwhile, in order to ensure that It is the right thing to do, we must establish a more comprehensive monitoring system, not only to ensure that qualified personnel in the appropriate position, but also the behavior of people in positions of supervision, which in turn requires the dispersion of public power. II who address the market failure, to ensure that the market mechanism to play its positive effects. the market mechanism itself includes a mutual complement and mutual integration of two aspects: one is general and abstract laws and regulations, and second, specific and rich market ethics; which abstract rules of ethics from the market itself, is the market code of ethics, express oriented, while others can not Zeyi informal rules of the ethics code there. In fact, the market share so far of human society the core of ethics is: has behaved, do not impose on others; Obviously, if the lack of this dimension of the market ethic, sheer force of the decision can only be predatory market. Therefore, we can not put it simply, or do not meet such and such a phenomenon consistent with the market economy requirements, but to continue to improve the market mechanism, to a market economy and social equity of building a socialist market economic system.
Fourth, a brief conclusion
human economics emphasized the fundamental task of economics is that for the whole community, especially to improve the welfare of the disadvantaged, and to improve welfare but also contains two levels: first, to increase the social welfare, and second, to improve the welfare of members of society; the front are mainly related to social wealth creation and growth, mainly production of technical problems, which are more related to the entitlement to the enjoyment and wealth distribution issues related to social systems. In fact, under any social system is imperfect, the economic development of the private interests are not just a problem of maximizing , is not a simple problem of factor inputs; Instead, it relates to fundamental issues in the public domain, it is primarily a problem of institutional change and improvement. Moreover, any improvement of the social system and design, are not only based on force structure to determine any real social systems are not just one game equilibrium, but includes the care of the disadvantaged and social justice concerns. Obviously, there are all kinds of domestic social systems imperfect, and therefore the research of Professor Chang Xiuze important practical significance, those who study it was a very open mind and understanding enlightening. Of course, Professor Chang Xiuze investigate more caused by the reality of consciousness, which applied mainly to stay in the real level, And people want to build a mature economic system of this, further increase in the theoretical sense, to be on the concepts, terminology, internal logic, and the assumption of a range of issues such as systematic, rigorous of which the key is the true (real ) World Bank and the behavior of people to do more reasonable abstraction mechanism. On the This is the perspective based on philosophy rather than economics point of view: people pay attention to the philosophy of freedom is the ideal personality and abstract, and the person concerned should have the right economics is realistic and specific. Obviously, people The system requires the development of economic theory and reality of the transformation of the ideal combination, to in-depth analysis of current social development problems, reasons, and harm to human beings, especially for how to improve the welfare of the disadvantaged and the achievement of this reform path the conditions required for a pathway.