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2009 World Environment Day theme of concern about climate change
Source: China Meteorological Newspaper Published: June 2, 2009 World Environment Day 2009 theme is: Day, June 5 each year, the anniversary of the United Nations, one of the most important, aims to increase the world awareness of the environment and enhances political influence.
Environment Day schedule includes:
from the human point of view environmental issues; encourage people in the sustainable and balanced development to become an active part; promote understanding that communities are pivotal to changing attitudes towards environmental issues; advocate partnerships to ensure all nations and peoples enjoy a safer and more prosperous future. < br> 2009 World Environment Day theme is: , and reflects the poverty problem and to improve forest management, internal relations.
the host country for Mexico this year, it shows today in the fight against climate change in Latin America, as well as increasing the carbon trading market position.
Mexico also UNEP is also the make a commitment to address climate change emissions.
said Mexican President FelipeCalderon World Environment Day celebrations will : China Environment Online Editor: Yan Xin)
Market Weekly magazine>> of: Zhongwen Lei updated :2007-11-9 10:16:48
in recent years as national economic development, rapid growth of China's auto consumption demand, according to the National Bureau of Statistics, as of the end of 2006, the national civilian car ownership reached 49.85 million, the potential car market has become a reality of the market demand and public funds have been car from a private car to the change. and also China's public transport remains to be done, drawing on the successful experience of foreign countries while also the basis to improve the situation in China, for its development remains to be seen.
has more than 600 million, 110 cars per thousand over the world. With the development of national economy in recent years, rapid growth of China's automotive consumer demand, according to the National Bureau of Statistics, as of the end of 2006, the country to civilian cars in 4985 cars, automotive consumer market has the potential demand of the market into a reality, and public funds have been car from a private car to the change. At present, China is the world's third largest auto market, private car ownership to maintain the total amount of 55.3%. However, as we talked about the growth of private cars, the world has already foreseen the rise of a wave of development of public transport.
one, the world's public transport boom
1. by bus legislative norms operation of urban public transport bus
such means can be managers, operators, transport users to make the judicial norms, to ensure priority to the development of urban public transport, improve the efficiency of urban public transport and ease the energy crisis.
early as 1964 the U.S. federal government passed the the right to open up bus lanes or priority access road In 1991 the encourage mass transit, buses, low-speed magnetic levitation technology in urban areas of research and development work.
1995 年 to 2001, the French government have enacted some laws related to urban public transport, the most important regulations is the collaboration with National Urban Revitalization Act, principle emphasized in all regions, closely related to the development and traffic and transportation services must strive to achieve the same goal of coordinated development. In addition, to improve the traffic condition is considered in densely populated areas to urban planning means to an end.
2. countries the situation of public transport subsidies
government financial support for the development of urban public transport plays an important role. In the period 1992 -1996 European governments subsidize the purchase of transit vehicles compared to 38%. The the proportion of rail traffic is even higher subsidies, such as Germany, Austria and Switzerland 50% of the construction of rail transport to enjoy the financial subsidy. German cities in the road construction and mass transit construction, the state can get federal subsidies on investment in general capital investment subsidy of 75%, and some projects even more than 90% subsidy. France, according to the type of public transport infrastructure to provide financial assistance in different proportions. If the proportion of funding for the tram up to 35% grant of up to 15 million francs / km. on the subway up to 20% the proportion of funding, funding of up to 35 million francs / km In 1996 -2016, the U.S. federal government will improve the transportation infrastructure (including new routes, vehicle purchase, etc.) subsidies 18553000000 dollars, of which 4.33 billion for bus transportation for the urban railway (including the subway, urban railway, etc.) to build $ 14,223,000,000.
3. Foreign Metropolitan Development
specific measures of public transport as a major power car Japan's public transport has been praiseworthy man, people could barely see the traffic congestion situation. such as an international metropolis like Tokyo, the use of private cars, only two people who travel into, people are more inclined punctual and efficient use of public transport system . Tokyo subway, suburban railway, Shinkansen high-speed trains, like a spider's web, like laying in the city, the railway extension and the surrounding area led to economic, public transport such as the lifeblood of the city. In order to facilitate travel by recognition, various types of vehicles have different color lines mark the distinction. outskirts of urban expansion on the one hand and in close connection with the construction of the suburban railway, the other is to develop a variety of rational land-use policy. the Japanese government not only to take a variety of measures to implement this development plan in Tokyo, such as restrictions on new factories and educational institutions in the city center building; logistics centers (such as warehouses, freight terminals and wholesale centers) to establish the external areas in the city, etc., were also railway and west of Tokyo comprehensive development of new towns.
1998, the French Green Party leader who made Wanei Fu use of private cars, made this day a , the international community has more than 1,000 cities followed suit, Malaysian capital of Kuala Lumpur to solve traffic congestion problems, the Government several years ago, has plans to reduce 30% of urban spaces, encourage people to use public transport. London City to ease traffic congestion conditions, strongly advocated the use of public transport, and areas with heavy traffic in the city opened a special countries have implemented some of this crowded city charges a fee limit car access to downtown, and achieved good results.
Second, the need for the development of public transport
rapid development in the automotive industry today, public transport received widespread attention in these countries is not accidental. public transport can not only slow down the development of the energy crisis of the modern world, but also reduce the current worsening air pollution.
1. the development of public transport can be significant energy savings
global energy crisis had not news, but after China's accession into the WTO new round of rapid growth cycle, the process of industrialization and urbanization greatly accelerate the industrial structure to keep the heavy development, resulting in China's energy consumption elasticity of energy consumption per unit of output and increasing energy bottlenecks began to frequently plagued by. since 2002, began to emerge in parts of the country, This problem of energy shortage, causing everyone on China's economic development model, energy security and environmental protection concerns. We know from the National Bureau of Statistics, in the first half, the national unit of GDP energy consumption increased by 0.8% year on year. unit GDP energy consumption is not instead of down, to achieve annual energy consumption by 4% of the energy saving target face serious challenges. At present, China has emerged as the world's second largest energy consuming country, has information that car consumes each year 85% of the total output of gasoline, diesel 20% of total production, according to the State Council Development Research Center of Industry forecasts to 2010 and 2020, motor vehicle fuel demand was 138 million tons and 2.56 million tons, the country's total oil demand for the year to 43% and 57% In other words, cars will then km energy consumption difference is huge. If the car's energy consumption is 10 liters of gasoline, then bus fuel consumption per capita is 0.54 liters, tram converted into gasoline per capita energy consumption is only 0.34 to 0.4 liters, equivalent to 0.5 liters subway. hundred kilometers per capita energy consumption of cars is 20 times the subway, tram 25 times. Thus, the increasing shortage of energy, energy products, hot today, the development of urban public transport is undoubtedly a wise move to reduce motor vehicle China's energy consumption is to reduce the use of an enabling measure. According to Ministry of Construction, Urban Traffic Engineering Zhao Jie, deputy director of the estimates given, if the people travel by car ride, 1%, alone every year can save 80 million liters of fuel.
2. the development of public transport to reduce air pollution
the study results show that the number of motor vehicle emissions on air pollution index above, motor vehicle exhaust has become the primary sources of air pollution, while in Beijing, China 40% to 50%, 70% in Shenzhen. into the nitric oxide in the atmosphere in Europe, 42% were caused by vehicles. researchers found , generated by vehicle exhaust emissions causing photochemical reactions of ozone near ground level is too high. summer, sustained high temperatures and no wind, the weather this photochemical reaction is accelerated, increasing the concentration of harmful gases, resulting in significantly increased number of respiratory diseases. France Since 1991, the lower the air to collect data on ozone levels since 2003, ozone levels are measured to the highest level of the year. China's vehicle emission standards than in the past 10 years behind the developed countries, carbon dioxide emissions has been ranked first in the world Second, while the traffic caused by carbon dioxide pollution and noise pollution, pollution, respectively, each accounting for 70% -90% of total strength of more than. vehicle exhaust emissions are making fewer blue sky, so that less people breathe freely.
said Daniel Dudek : 6.1%, 17.4%. emissions by 10%, and its binding targets as important. Recently launched in China is on the development of urban public transport a big discussion.
Third, the development prospects of China
public transport because public transport on great contribution to energy conservation, and to alleviate air pollution, a number of advantages such as easy for people to travel and the serious problems facing our transportation. China's urban public transport has been rapid development in recent years, but economic and social development from the current requirements of urban gap is also very far. travel, traffic, travel time costs continue to increase, slower than a bicycle bus, all the in Europe and Japan. In recent years, Chinese cities have been getting lower and lower bus speed, average speed is now only 10 km / hour, more than a bike 12 km / h slower. In addition, the domestic fuel, insurance, maintenance and other price rise, public transport enterprises to increase commitment to social welfare services, long-term control of low fares and other reasons, a considerable part of the public transport enterprises to make ends meet heavy losses. Meanwhile, there is still a bus structure, service facilities, a single issue. On the one hand, large mass transit system construction is slow, urban rail transit construction forward fast enough; other hand, the public transportation network coverage is not balanced, a direct result of residents travel difficult. which share the low rate of travel, lack of government investment, some serious losses of public transport enterprises, public transportation single structure, planning transport, some of the city's traffic standstill just round the corner. sector reform 20, Beijing odd and even numbers of motor vehicles shall limit line test for the comprehensive testing vehicle exhaust emissions on air quality, develop programs to protect air quality during the Olympic Games provide a scientific basis. Among the purposes of continuous 4, Beijing, traveling on the road significantly reduced number of motor vehicles, the number of traffic jams, the number of accidents, environmental pollution index dropped significantly so. And by the French ; cars, also used to adopt and encourage people to walk, bike, bus travel and other green modes of transport. It is estimated that to carry out car-free one day, can save 33 million liters of fuel to reduce harmful gas emissions by about 3,000 tons.
for At present, China emerged as the major urban public transport, we can also learn from foreign experience and to take a series of effective measures to:
1. on public transport routes to optimize the use of advanced public transport and intelligent scheduling technology. Psychology of bus passengers, travel conduct research to further determine the optimal bus route model optimization objectives and constraints. refer to large amounts of data at home and abroad, combined with the characteristics of our city, so that the maximum line efficiency and ensure good accessibility, expand public transport services and reduce the bus blind.
2. for the loss of public transport enterprise policy should be financial compensation. the establishment of specialized professionals to release the funds of public transport regulatory body and the bus companies and policy assessment of the compensation system, the compensation policy the amount of the accounting, distribution, auditing and supervision, to ensure that public transport designed to play its due role in funding.
3. the development of urban rail transit, that is, tram, metro, light rail, monorail transport and suburban railway. Rail transport lines are generally built in the ground, can greatly save land resources, and does not produce environmental pollution, in line with sustainable development strategy. According to the experience of urban transport development at home and abroad, widening roads or cities either repair the viaduct, not a fundamental solution traffic congestion. effective way to solve this problem is the development of underground space, the establishment of the MTR network, so that most of the metro urban transportation commitment. But the high cost of subway construction, long duration, usually difficult in the short term to complete the city rail transit network building. In China, large cities, large cities may consider the construction of rail transit systems, but must do long-term construction plan.
appears from the present situation in China, we need not only to implement car-free day or Some slogans, but need the world itself will be car free day concept of public transport. In other words, we need to car free day concept, to reflect on some of the urban transport public policy. China's public transport remains to be done, in reference to foreign while also based on the successful experience to improve the situation in China, for its development remains to be seen.
article entry: xiaogu Editor: xiaogu
Reuters in research: Home>> Market Analysis>> depth analysis of the>> Energy Resources in China's Energy Consumption of green
one
outlined China's energy development since the founding of China's economic output and energy consumption have appeared more substantial growth. China's actual GDP ( yuan in 1990 constant prices) from 161.3 billion yuan in 1953 increased to 658 billion yuan in 1978, after the reform and opening up the rapid economic growth in China, real GDP in 2005 to 74 51 billion yuan .1953 ~ 1979 ~ 1978 and two different historical periods in 2005 China's real GDP growth rates were 5.78%, 9.47%. China's energy consumption from 1953 to 5411 million tons of coal increased to 571.44 million tons of standard coal in 1978, then increased to 2005 years, 2.22 billion tons of standard coal, an average annual growth rate was 9.89%, 5.26% of China's per capita energy consumption is also rising, 1953, China's per capita energy consumption was 0.09t of standard coal per capita energy consumption in 1978 to 0.59t of standard coal by 2005 China's per capita energy consumption of standard coal for the 1.7t.
founding of New China, the economic recovery after a period of 3 years, started in 1953, the first five-year plan to promote the development of energy industries, focusing on the development of high energy consumption of heavy industry. The elasticity of energy consumption during the peak in the range of .1958 m1960 1.7m3.6, China's energy consumption has grown rapidly, mainly economic a large number of consumption and waste, 3-year growth rate of energy consumption were 82%, 36% and 26%, while the economic growth rate is 21.3%, respectively, 8.8% and -0.3% .1961 m1963 negative China's economic growth, energy consumption relatively large decline in 1999, .1997 ~ 15.5% of China's economy is growing, while total energy consumption fell by 5.6%, that is the major domestic demand weak, reducing the demand for energy products; a number of pollution, high energy consumption The enterprises have been closed; industrial structure optimization; technical progress, the result of several factors, after the year 1999, China's steady economic growth, energy consumption is also increasing .2001, China's real GDP exceeded 500 million Yuan, the national economy has entered a new stage of development, fixed asset investment increased rapidly increasing trend of heavy industry there, iron and steel, building materials, aluminum rapid expansion of high-energy-intensive industries, which led to a sharp increase in energy consumption, even more than the annual economic growth rate of .2002 m2005 China's energy consumption growth rate of 9.9%, 15.3%, 15.2% and 12.7% growth rate over the same period were 7.5%, 8.3%, 9.5% and 9.5%,bailey UGG boots, China in recent years of economic and high-energy show to support the negative trend of economic development.
from 1954 to 1978 25 years of energy elasticity coefficient of view, there are 16 years of energy consumption elasticity coefficient greater than 1 and the maximum is 4.1, indicating that in the early years of reform and opening up this time, the extensive mode of economic growth so that China's energy consumption growing faster than the growth rate of .1979 of economic, China's energy consumption elasticity coefficient began to fall to 1 the following, remained in 2001 In 2002, China's energy consumption elasticity coefficient less than a reversal of the situation, by 2005 China's energy consumption elasticity coefficient were 1.2,1.6,1.6 and 1.3. can be seen, in terms of energy intensity or energy consumption elasticity were evident in the signs of China's extensive economic growth, economic growth characteristics during the development of heavy industry is fairly obvious. in order to measure the energy intensity, 1981m2003 China's energy intensity is the United States and Japan, respectively, 5 times and 13 times, China's energy efficiency even lower than India, at the very backward level. From the industry point of view, China's electric power, steel, petrochemical, light stare textiles, chemicals, nonferrous metals and other 8 industries than the international average energy consumption of major products advanced level by 40%; steel, cement, paper and cardboard comprehensive energy consumption per unit of product were higher than the international advanced level of 21%, 45% and 120%; motor vehicle fuel consumption level than on the European high 25% P2, 20 higher than Japan %. These indicators reflect the current waste of energy use in China, the fact that the low efficiency of energy use. Compared to 2004, 2005, China's major consumer of raw materials, steel and 400 million tons, up 20.1%; aluminum oxide 1561 tons, up 21.7%; cement 1.05 billion tons, up 9.0%. yuan GDP increase over the previous year of standard coal consumption 2.98t 3%.
Second, China's energy consumption structure
China is rich in coal resources of the country, from the energy consumption structure, coal remains China's total energy consumption in a dominant position, as shown in Table 2. the early days, coal consumption of China's total primary energy consumption accounts for more than 90%, with China's oil and gas industry and hydropower development, a lower proportion of coal consumption. Compared to 2004, total national energy consumption in 2005 2.22 billion, an increase of 9.5%; which coal consumption of 21.4 million tons, up 10.6%; crude oil 300 million tons, up 2.1%; 50 billion cubic meters of natural gas, an increase of 20.6%; hydropower 4,010 billion kilowatt hours, up by 13.4%; nuclear 52.3 billion kilowatts-hour, an increase of 3.7%. On the whole, the basic formation of China's energy consumption storage of coal-based diversified development of energy consumption structure. Due to resource endowment conditions, coal is still in the stock of China's energy consumption in the position of absolute dominance, 1953m2005, China's coal consumption in the average total energy consumption accounted for 78.3%, 1979 to 2005, coal consumption in total energy consumption in the average proportion of 72.4%. in a variety of relative changes in energy consumption, coal consumption in resource consumption rising absolute, but its total energy consumption the proportion showing a slow decline in 2005, coal consumption accounted for 66.4%.
Home>> Business Channel>> Financial Highlights
China's total energy consumption by the world's second less efficient
www.XINHUANET.com 2004 年 11 月 05 日 18:16:35 Source: Beijing Business
National Energy Board recently announced that China's total energy consumption has been ranked first in the world Second, the world's total energy consumption accounts for about 11%. China's per capita coal, oil, natural gas was only 60% of the world average, 10% and 5%, but output efficiency per ton of standard coal equivalent in Japan only 10.3%, EU 16.8%, 28.6% of the United States. output efficiency of water per cubic meter, the world average is 37 U.S. dollars, China is only 2 dollars, 93 dollars is the United Kingdom, Japan is 55 dollars, Germany is 51 dollars. According to the National Development and Reform Commission
Deputy Secretary for Energy said Wu Guihui, 2003, China's energy consumption totaled 1.68 billion tons of standard coal, which coal accounted for 67.1%, 22.7% of crude oil, natural gas accounted for 2.8%, renewable energy accounted for 7.3%.
and at the same time, the National Development and Reform Commission said Dai Yande, deputy director of the Energy Research Institute of Chinese energy use another set of figures, 1.7 billion tons of standard coal consumption of the whole people, 4 million tons of coal is wasted in the.
the efficiency of energy use in China and internationally there is a huge gap between China's energy consumption per unit output value is 2 times the world average, more than the United States, European Union, Japan, India were higher 2.5 times, 4.9 times, 8.7 times and 43%; China Petrochemical, electric power, steel, nonferrous metals, building materials, chemical industry, textile industry, the average unit energy consumption of major products of international advanced level than 40% higher; coal-fired industrial boiler operating efficiency than the average international advanced level of 15% -20%; motor vehicle fuel consumption per hundred kilometers was 25% higher than in Europe, than in Japan 20%.
the State Council Development Research Center, a recent study showed that: in 2001, final energy users of energy consumption expenditure of 1.25 trillion yuan, accounting for the proportion of GDP, 13%, while the U.S. only 7%. experts say, at the current exchange rate level of output per unit of resources equivalent to one-tenth of the United States, Japan one twentieth, one-sixth of Germany.
Some experts pointed out that the efficiency of China's energy output is far below the level of developed countries, which severely limits the path of sustainable development in China. (trainee journalist Bi Qiang Wang) (Editor: Ma Yiqun)
Baidu know> commercial / macro-control by the state of high energy consumption and high pollution industries: on the specific industry, chemical products: The export tariff adjustments in the high consumption of resources and energy, the wider the chemicals, the export tax rebate cancellation involving 385 species, mainly including basic petrochemicals, basic inorganic chemical raw materials, metals and metallic compounds and dyes and dye intermediates; export tax rebate cut to 5% of the 239 varieties, including basic organic based products, all kinds of chemicals, plastics, pesticides , rubber and viscose fiber. This is a higher proportion of export earnings of phosphorus chemical companies large negative impact, such as Hing Fat Group, Chengxing shares and so on. For the steel and nonferrous metal industries, steel and nonferrous metal products, basic is the main target of each tariff adjustments. But the list of goods displayed on the adjustment, the adjustment is mainly involved in iron and steel products steel pipe, hollow profiles, products, rail and other steel products, pipe adjustment programs in general to abolish the current 13% export tax, in addition to stainless steel casing outside the pipe, seamless steel pipe, rails and other steel products, all the existing 13% export tax rebate rate down to 5%. In view of this adjustment related species mainly for steel, and steel in total steel exports proportion of the amount and not large, so a limited impact on the steel industry. In addition, the export tax rebate are related to two aspects of non-ferrous metals: aluminum alloy rod of a non-ferrous metal products such as simple abolished export tax rebates; Second, other base metals and articles thereof (other than has been canceled, and the elimination of export tax rebate goods and aluminum foil, aluminum tube, aluminum structure, etc.) the export tax rebate rate down to 5%. will clearly listed companies engaged in production of electrolytic aluminum production of pressure, such as the Jiaozuo Wanfang, etc. To sum up: we can define the current national policy concerns are high energy consumption and high pollution industries chemical industry; steel industry; non-ferrous metals industry; cement industries.
Reference:
Mining Forum - News Review - Understanding the harmonious development of the Earth (Earth Day) - Japan's society is how to conserve resources
Posted at 2007-4-9 11:23 |
Japan is a resource-poor countries, Nearly 90% of the resources dependent on imports, many resource-poor people to Japanese society, develop a good habit of saving. we see on the street driving the car a lot of low-emission, energy-saving lamps and other household products are widely used, a family of three housing Most only seventy square meters area, and even kept a double bicycle parking spaces, food and waste less. Now Japan's total energy consumption lower than in China, but economic output was the equivalent of about 4 times. < br> Japanese society for resource conservation is also deepening the understanding, deepening this understanding through two periods. the previous period due to the 1973 and 1979 the second oil crisis, so heavily dependent on oil imports, Japan recognized the need to reduce energy consumption, make a resolve to carry out a comprehensive energy saving, and soon in Japan, energy conservation and new energy technology development and utilization of two aspects of walking in the world. this time to Japan, the means to save energy resources and the goal is to reduce the use of energy resources; but in recent years, Japanese society has deepened the understanding of conservation, this time it put together a combination of conservation and environmental protection.
also attaches importance to conservation education and publicity, forming a favorable resource conservation ideas system
order to promote conservation, Japan attaches great importance to publicity and education. the Government to actively encourage the organization of various types of conservation organizations, public education, exchange of experiences and other activities. For the enthusiastic promotion of human energy and resource conservation into the ...
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