1, the cage is a beautiful logic
cage hanging in the room where the most prominent, a few days, the owner will make one of the following two options: throw away the cage, or buy a bird back on the cage. This is the cage logic. The process is simple, imagine you are the owner of the room, as long as people entered the room and saw the cage, they can not help but ask you: not dead? because this ratio is much easier to endless interpretation. cage logical reason is simple: people often take most of the inertia of thinking. so visible in the life and work to cultivate logical thinking how important it is.
2 , broken window effect
psychology there is a phenomenon called the were broken; a wall, if not cleansed some graffiti, and soon, the walls covered with a mess on, unsightly things. a very clean place, people would be embarrassed taking out the trash, but once there litter on the ground later, people will not hesitate to throw, did not feel ashamed. It was very strange phenomenon.
psychologists study is the feel so dirty anyway, then it does not matter a bit dirty, the situation is bad whether and to what extent should, people will give up on themselves and let it rot in the end.
anything bad, if not stop off at the beginning, the formation of culture, change can get rid of , as if the bank, a small gap is not timely repair, dams can collapse, causing the loss of millions of times.
disorder is actually the result of crime, New York City in the 80's when the rush is really everywhere, no Japan not to kill, in broad daylight to be afraid of walking in the street. not to mention the subway, car dirty, dirty sentence painted everywhere, on the subway, feel insecure. although I have not been seized, but professors was in broad daylight, knocked a mind Sap, blind, from the end of his research career, so I talk about Tiger color for many years, not alone to New York. New York city and the city recently raised the reputation of not less, so I am quite surprised that a city has been sinking, can escape from the dead, and to push.
So when I went out to meet, met a criminologist, one immediately to him for advice, the original New York City is the last book with the broken window effect in terms of the theory, first to improve the criminal environment in which people not easy to crime-Hyde Budao then slowly return to order.
Although this approach was criticized as being slow bad emergency, and open to the public declaration of the Government's determination to rectify and found very effective.
police found that people do not really compare the situation in the clean and crime, also found that fare evasion grasp rewarding, because each of those seven had a fare evasion is wanted, there is one in twenty to carry weapons, so the police are willing to grasp fare evasion very seriously, making criminals afraid to fare evasion, did not dare go out with weapons, so as not worth the candle, runs the risk. This from the New York City the smallest, the easiest place to proceed to break the criminal link of (chain), so this vicious cycle can not continue.
3, diffusion of responsibility effect
1964 年 3 月 13 日夜 3 时 20 points in New York outside of an apartment before, a man named Juno young women than the white bar at the end of the way home from work between the assassination. When she cried out in despair: nearby residents turn on the lights, opened the window, the attackers ran away. When everything is calm, the killer returned to commit a crime. When she yelled, the nearby residents and the light switch, the attackers then fled. when she thinks has nothing to do, go back to their home upstairs, the killer again appeared before her, to kill her on the stairs. In the process, even though she shouted for help, her neighbors, at least 38 to the window view , but no one to rescue her, no one even called the police. The matter caused a stir in New York society, but also attracted the attention of social psychologists and thinking. It is considered a large number of bystanders neglecting the phenomenon is called diffusion of responsibility effect.
Responsibility dispersion effect for the formation of the reasons, psychologists have done a lot of experiments and surveys found that: this phenomenon can not just say that all of the callous, or moral decay of the performance of growing . because on different occasions, people's acts of assistance there is a difference. When a person in an emergency situation, if only he can provide help, he would clearly aware of their responsibilities, provide assistance to the victims. If he refused to help produce feelings of guilt, feelings of guilt, which requires paying a high psychological cost. And if the presence of so many people to help the callers responsibility to be shared by everyone, resulting in diffusion of responsibility, each person sharing responsibility for rarely, bystanders and even that may not even his own sense of a responsibility not to produce an . how to break this situation, which is being studied by psychologists is an important topic.
4, Parkinson's law of the famous British historian
North Goodman. Parkinson through long-term research, write a This is called Second is to make a competent person to assist in their work; third appointment of two levels lower than they were when the assistant. This first road is absolutely Zou Bude, because that would lose many rights; the second route is can not go, because that would be capable of their opponents; seems that only a third way the most suitable. Then, two mediocre assistant shared his work, he is high above orders, they have no right to form their own threat. two assistants since the incompetent, they calling the shots, then two more for his inability to find an assistant. and so on, to form a bloated, overstaffed, wrangling with each other, inefficient leadership system.
5, halo round effects
famous Russian literary giant Pushkin Zengyin role halo effect suffered a great deal. He passionately in love with what is known as marriage. Natan Li looks amazing, but with different channel sub-Puhi Jin-Zhi. When the time to write the poetry of Pushkin read it to her time. She always covered their ears and said: , she always accompanied her to Pushkin's play, attended some luxurious party, dance, creative Pushkin left end, made debt, the final duel for her death, a literary giant to fall prematurely. Look at Pushkin to a beautiful woman is bound to have great wisdom and noble character, however, is not the case, a phenomenon known as the halo effect.
the so-called halo effect, that is, interpersonal communication, people who exhibit the characteristics of one aspect, cover the other features, resulting in interpersonal cognitive disorders. In everyday life, the disadvantage of young people aged individual, or dress, habits dislike to think that they must unpromising; some young people a thing about the admiration of friends, you will see everywhere in his lovely, really The so-called Like Mangrenmoxiang as a point on behalf of the face; Second, it is not intrinsically linked to some of the personality or physical characteristics associated with the assertion that such features are bound to have other characteristics; Third, it definitely said yes to all that bad on all the negative, this is a subjective bias by the absolute domination tendencies. In short, the halo effect is the interpersonal relationships in a great psychological impact on people with cognitive impairment, we have contacts to try to avoid halo effect to overcome the side effects.
6, Hawthorne effect (Hawthorne effect)
psychological effects of a .20 century experimenter 20-30 years, U.S. researchers at the Chicago Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Power Company the working conditions, social factors and production efficiency between experiments experimenter effect was found, said Hawthorne effect.
the first phase of the experiment was started from November 1924 the working conditions and the relationship between production efficiency, set to experimental group and control group. Results matter to increase or control the illumination in the experimental group have increased yield, and the same illumination output of the control group also increased. In addition, tests of the wages paid, the coffee break time, length, and daily work number of days per week and other factors, can not see these conditions there is a direct influence production efficiency. The second phase of the trial is a professor at Harvard University led by Mayo, focuses on social factors and the relationship between productivity and found that production efficiency is mainly caused by the experimenter in the spirit of the great changes have taken place. participated in tests of workers were placed in special laboratory led by the researchers, the social situation has changed, by the concerns of all parties to forming a sense of participating in the trial, that they are an important part of the company, so that workers are motivated from a social point of regard, to promote increased production.
this effect tells us that when students or their attention by the public's attention or when the efficiency of learning and communication will be greatly increased. Therefore, in our daily lives with others learn to get along and understand what kind of behavior is accepted by students and teachers and appreciation, and we can only live and learn in the constantly increasing their good behavior, it may be more attention and appreciation, but also can make our learning progress, with confidence!
7, learned helplessness learned helplessness effects of experimental
first There Overmyer and West Sigman found later in animal and human studies have been widely discussed. In short, many experiments show that trained dogs can cross the barriers or engage in other behavior to avoid the experimenter added to its power blow. However, if the dog was not expected before (do not know when to come) and can not be controlled by electric shock (such as interruption of electric shock or not does not depend on the dog's behavior), when the dog was the chance to escape electric shock, they becomes unable to escape. but the dog also showed other defects, such as frustration and depression, reduced motivation and so on.
dog show why this situation is due early in the experiment learned a species of helplessness. That is, they realize that no matter what their own can not control the termination shock. In each experiment, the shock is terminated under the control of the experimenter, and the dog will realize that he did not ability to change the external control, to learn a sense of helplessness.
person who had learned helplessness to become a deep despair and sadness. Therefore, we study and life should open their eyes at one point and saw the real events behind the decision factors do not make our own despair.
8, the witness's memory
witness, in our understanding of where, usually to provide some objective evidence, that his own witness and hear the things people who speak out honestly. However, psychological research shows that the testimony of many witnesses are not very accurate, or that is a personal preference , with personal views and awareness.
witness testimony of their confidence and their testimony can not determine the accuracy of the results of this study is surprising. psychologist Patricia fees can be special and decided to Howard Springs This conclusion is more in-depth research. In order to investigate whether the testimony of witness something special, they will witness memory and the memory of general knowledge were compared.
them to be shown a short video, is about the kidnapping of a girl. The next day, so to answer some of the subjects in the content of the video and asked them to tell their own level of confidence to answer, then do a recognition memory test. Next, using the same method, content of popular literature from the encyclopedia and the general knowledge of selected issues.
the same place as before, Perot fees can be special and Howard Springs also found that the accuracy of the witness recalled, those confident of their answers do not actually have the confidence of the people than those who are not greater, but for general knowledge, the situation is not the case, people with high confidence in memories of people who score better than the lack of confidence.
people in the general knowledge about their The strengths and weaknesses have self-knowledge. Therefore, they tend to modify the test results for the confidence scale. general knowledge is a database, is shared between individuals, it has recognized the correct answer, the subjects can go measure. For example, people will know that the issue of whether in sports or even almost better than others. However, the event witnessed the impact from such self-knowledge. For example, on the whole, they are unlikely to know the memory than others Participants in the event area hair color better or worse.
9, Rosenthal Rosenthal effect
American psychologist, who in 1968 conducted a famous experiment. they go to a primary election in the three sixth grade classes of the children making a fuss of the According to test results is not certain, but randomly selected. It is based on The results showed that the list of general improvement in student achievement, teachers also gave their good conduct reviews. The experiment achieved miraculous results, It is considered by teachers to students the subtle psychological effects, so that the students made the progress expected of teachers phenomenon known as the his desire to eventually make this into a real statue, the two fall in love with).
educational practice also shows that: if a teacher like some of the students, they will have high expectations, after a period of time, students feel teachers care, love and encouragement; often positive attitude towards teachers, towards learning and their behavior towards the students more self-esteem, confidence, self-love, self-induce a positive passion, these students often get the teacher expected progress. On the contrary, teachers who are ignored, discriminated against students over time speech from the teachers, behavior, facial expressions of teachers felt the to ignore or refused to listen to the teacher's request; these students often worse day by day, and finally reduced to the bad elements of society. Despite some exceptions, but the trend is that, while it also sounded the alarm for teachers.
10, false share deviation (false consensus bias)
We usually believe that our love is the same as most people. If you like playing computer games, then it may overestimate the number of people like computer games. You also often overestimate the students to vote on their favorite numbers, overestimate their own prestige in the population and leadership and so on. overestimated and that of your behaviors and attitudes you have the same tendency of the number of features is called When a person is very important;
(3) When you are very sure of their point of view, or believe that the time;
(4) When your status or some kind of normal life and learning be threatened;
( 5) When it comes to some kind of positive qualities or individuality;
(6) When you and other people as similar to when he is
No comments:
Post a Comment